When does a holding pattern typically occur?

A holding pattern typically occurs during situations where an aircraft is either on the ground before takeoff or in the air before landing. This maneuver is utilized primarily to manage air traffic and ensure that aircraft maintain proper spacing, especially during busy periods at airports.

When an aircraft is instructed to enter a holding pattern, it means that it cannot proceed directly to its destination for various reasons, such as air traffic control managing the flow of incoming flights or needing to wait for a runway to become available. This procedure helps maintain safety and efficiency in airspace management, allowing for orderly transitions in busy air traffic environments.

The other scenarios presented do not accurately reflect when a holding pattern would be implemented. For instance, turbulence is a condition that affects flight but does not necessitate a holding pattern. Additionally, refueling typically occurs at the gate or designated areas and not in a holding pattern. While cruising altitude may be a point in flight, a holding pattern is specifically designed for managing arrivals rather than cruising.